Conversation Using Reported Speech Lesson Plans

Reported speech is also known as indirect speech and is commonly used in spoken conversations to report what others have said. A keen grasp of correct tense usage, as well as the ability to correctly shift pronouns and time expressions, is essential when using  reported speech. The use of reported speech is especially important at higher English levels. Students  are fine-tuning their communication skills to include expressing the ideas of others, as well as their own opinions. Students usually need to focus not only on the grammar involved but also on production skills. Reported speech includes some rather tricky transformations that need to be practiced repeatedly before students feel comfortable using reported speech in everyday conversations. Finally, make sure to point out that reported speech is generally used with the verbs say and tell in the past.   Hell help him with the homework. - She told me he would help me with my homework.   However, if the reporting verb is conjugated in the present tense, no reported speech changes are necessary. Im going to Seattle next week. - Peter says hes going to Seattle next week.   Lesson Outline Aim: Developing reported speech grammar and productions skills Activity: Introduction and written reporting activity, followed by spoken practice in the form of a questionnaire Level: Upper-intermediate Outline: Introduce/review reported speech by making simple statements and asking students to report what you have said. Make sure to emphasize reporting in the past (i.e., the teacher said, NOT the teacher says)Provide review sheet of principle reported speech transitions (included in lesson printout pages)Have students get into pairs and convert the reported speech paragraph into the direct speech form.Correct worksheet as a class.Ask students to divide up into new pairs and ask each other questions from the questionnaire. Remind them to take notes on what their partners say.Have students divide into new pairs and ask them to report what they have learned about the other students to their new partner (i.e., John said he had lived in Breubach for two years).Follow-up with class conversation focusing on problematic tense transformations. Reported Speech Study the following chart carefully. Notice how reported speech is one step back into the past from direct speech. Tense Quote Reported Speech present simple "I play tennis on Fridays." He said he played tennis on Fridays. present continuous "They're watching TV." She said they were watching TV. present perfect "She's lived in Portland for ten years." He told me she had lived in Portland for ten years. present perfect continuous "I've been working for two hours." He told me he had been working for two hours. past simple "I visited my parents in New York." She told me she had visited her parents in New York. past continuous "They were preparing dinner at 8 o'clock." He told me they had been preparing dinner at 8 o'clock. past perfect "I had finished in time." He told me he had finished in time. past perfect continuous "She had been waiting for two hours." She said she had been waiting for two hours. future with 'will' "I'll see them tomorrow." He said he would see them the next day. future with 'going to' "We're going to fly to Chicago." He told me they were going to fly to Chicago. Reported Speech Reference Time Expression Changes Time expressions such as at the moment are also changed when using reported speech. Here are some of the most common changes: at the moment / right now / now -  at that moment / at that time Were watching TV right now. - She told me they were watching TV at that time. yesterday - the previous day / the day before I bought some groceries yesterday. - He told me he had bought some groceries the previous day. tomorrow - the following day / the next day Shell be at the party tomorrow. - She told me she would be at the party the next day. Exercise 1: Put the following paragraph in the reported speech into the  conversational form using direct speech  (quotes). Peter introduced me to Jack who said he was pleased to meet me. I replied that it was my pleasure  and that I hoped Jack was enjoying his stay in Seattle. He said he thought Seattle was a beautiful city, but that it rained too much. He said that he had been staying at the Bayview Hotel for three weeks and that it hadnt stopped raining since he had arrived. Of course, he said, this wouldnt have surprised him if it hadnt been July! Peter replied that he should have brought warmer clothes. He then continued by saying that he was going to fly to Hawaii the following week, and he that he couldnt wait to enjoy some sunny weather. Both Jack and I commented that Peter was a lucky person indeed. Exercise 2: Ask your partner the following questions making sure to take good notes. After you have finished the questions, find a new partner and report what you have learned about your first partner using reported speech. What is your favorite sport and how long have you been playing/doing it?What are your plans for your next vacation?How long have you known your best friend? Can you give me a description of him/her?What kind of music do you like? Have you always listened to that kind of music?What did you use to do when you were younger that you dont do anymore?Do you have any predictions about the future?Can you tell me what you do on a typical Saturday afternoon?What were you doing yesterday at this time?Which two promises will you make concerning learning English?

Police Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement - 1333 Words

Police brutality goes back many decades and actually happens a lot less the it did in the 60’s it is just seems like it occurs more due to the development of social media today. During the Civil Rights Movement that began in 1963 African Americans mostly in the South took the majority of these police brutalities. For example In the 60’s blacks were beaten with batons and cattle prods as they attempted to vote at a court house that was in Selma, Alabama. The subjects that received the beatings were not violent and also unarmed blacks that wanted to vote at a local court house. Attacks by police did not stop there, the police continued to attack unarmed and non-violent blacks as they attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery in the state of Alabama. The rules of deadly force have continued to develop since the introduction of the Constitution. At one point police were even given authority to fire on a fleeing felon even if they were not armed with a weapon. Today s pol ice officers receive significantly more training so that the violation of civil act’s and excessive uses of force may be prevented, but even with the extra training, police officers still act in this brutal manner. Every police department in America has experienced some type of misconduct, some more than others but not all have experienced a civil rights or police brutality violation. In my opinion, many of these incidents took place because of the lack of training that was provided to these officers. MostShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement985 Words   |  4 Pagessituations between citizens and police officers. Dating back to the 1960s during the civil rights movement, to recent events in the news that demonstrates police brutality. But does this mean that police officers aren’t doing their jobs. Could the media and social networks influence our views of the police? In my opinion it does. Police brutality has circulated media headlines for decades now. Citizens rage through the country, becoming more angry due to the outcome of police officers that use excessiveRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1738 Words   |  7 PagesWhile combating police brutality everyday, what really does matter? Despite, the increased attention and actions to remedy police brutality, police brutality is still a prevalent issue in today’s American society. It has sent critics on both sides of the issue into their corners, as no one really seems to have the answer. Maybe, the reason why police brutality has been so troublesome to alter is because the people trying to alter it are only targeting only the symptoms instead of the infection itselfRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1522 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is defined as â€Å"excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians,† and this has become more prominent within the United States throughout the ye ars (Danilina). There has many cases where police brutality has been seen via news channels, and it has dismantled the unity of trust between the civilians of the United States and the law enforcement who are supposed to protect the everyday people from harm. The issue is if the law enforcement is actually right withinRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality â€Å"Officer Jeronimo Yanez, charged with second-degree manslaughter in the shooting death of Philando Castile, a 32-year-old black Minneapolis man† (Capecchi). â€Å"Brian Encinia, former Texas trooper charged with misdemeanor perjury stemming from his arrest of Sandra Bland, a black woman who was later found dead in a county jail† (Almasy). â€Å"Sgt. Kizzy Adonis, charged with failure to supervise in connection with the 2014 death of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black Staten Island man who diedRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1400 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 10 decades or more the United States has displayed a lot of police brutality and also racial profiling that leads to police brutality to American citizens. A police officer job are to serve and protect and enforce the law but in a lot cases from proven evidence it’s seems they shoot first and ask questions later. Americans are starting to feel that the police are scared of th e citizens more than people are scared of them. Not every single cop in the world is bad or mean harm to peopleRead MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profilingRead MorePolice brutality1678 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed The history of Police Brutality for minorities; especially people of color has left America wondering have times changed. Police brutality has deemed the opportunity for socioeconomic advancement or access to good and services for many Black/African Americans dating back as far as 1955. The system of Police brutality has affected many realms of society for minorities’ employment and family life. After some scholarly research, police brutality isRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Extremely Serious Offence885 Words   |  4 Pagesthe police for help,Considering their job is to protect you at all times. But, who Do you call when it s a police officer abusing his authority? Who do you call when the peacemakers are disturbing your peace and just adding to the crime rates in America? Police brutality is a crime very much present in today s society just as it was present during the civil rights movements of the 1960’s and years after that . It is a very big issue in our highly p opulated cities in america. Police brutality isRead MorePolice Influence on Society822 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Police Influence on Society Police Influence on Society 1 The relationship between police and minority societies has always been a difficult one with many issues. Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s African Americans were treated brutally by the police in the United States. African Americans along with other minority groups were often abused by police. Minorities were viewed to have no rights and this treatment was commonplace. This brutal treatmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Police Brutality By Jill Nelson1358 Words   |  6 Pagesnot had power to determine their own destiny† which is movement that formed for self defense against the U.S government. The Black Power Movement established itself in the 1950’s branching off of the nonviolent groups established during the Civil Rights Movement. Two major Black Power groups in history were Malcolm X and Black Panther Party that focused on justice for the black communities. These groups primarily fought against police brutality in their communities. At this time the United States that

Globalization Process Free Essays

Globalization is the process which unites nations, societies and traditions through a worldwide system of communication, transportation and trade. Globalization is usually used as an easy way of spreading the technologies, production, and communication across the globe. It also involves the flow of thoughts and technologies. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to globalization, regions are coming closer to each other. Globalization is not only modernization but it is the amplification of global social affairs which connect different locations in such a manner that local activities are bent by activities happening miles away (Steger, 2010). Thus, globalization has very strong economic, governmental, educational and social dimensions. According to ‘Malcolm Waters’ in his book ‘Globalization’, globalization is defined as, â€Å" the intensification of world- wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. This is dialectical process because such local happenings may move in an obverse direction from the very distanciated relations that shape them. Local transformation is as much a part of globalization as the lateral extension of social connections across time and space† (Waters, 2001, pg. 5). Globalisation is the way by which people, companies and government of different nations integrate and interact with each other. The process of globalisation has effects on the cultures, atmosphere, governmental systems, economic developments, wealth and on individual’s physical comfort in nations all around the globe. Globalisation is the process by which normal life around the globe is noticeable by calibration of communication, transportation, financial activity, Ecological and social interdependence. Globalisation has many positive effects opening up gaps of opportunities and economic prosperity to the developing countries but globalisation also has a harmful side with negative effects. In this assignment, I will discuss few positive and negative effects of globalisation. According to researchers and intellectuals, modern age led to the foundation of globalisation but most scholars say that globalisation is not new and its origin can be traced back to the early civilization. For centuries, people have been trading to each other at great distances. Third millennium B. C. was the ancient form of globalisation. At that t time the trade link was among Sumerian civilization and Indus valley civilization. After that era, there were many events where trade connections were made connecting several countries like, Greece, Egypt, Roman Empire, India, etc. The attractiveness of the trade links led to the expansion of different trade routes. In 19th century, industrial revolution took place which was a significant time in the record of globalisation (Boudreaux, 2008). This was the period when Muslim dealers and Jewish started going to different locations all around the globe to sell a variety of products which led to the combination of thoughts and customs. This revolution led to improved trade and business dealings. Due to enhanced goods and colonization, many nations all around the world became the customer of European market. However, the period of pre globalisation came to an end after World War 1. The effects of conflict were very adverse which led to the Great Depression. The time between 1850’s and 1940’s witnessed the acceleration of worldwide set of connections and cultural flows, dominated by European powers. By the mid of the nineteenth century quick developments in communication and transportation technologies like, radio, telephones, railways, shipping, telegraphy, etc took place. Globalisation has a comparatively new thought and idea that the world has been implementing. There are many positive effects of globalisation which are very advantageous for everybody in all countries. Globalisation has been the most successful affluence and anti-poverty movement in modern history. Following mentioned are some of the positive effects of globalisation on so various demographic segments of society. The most noticeable positive effect of globalisation is the improved and better quality of goods due to global competition. ‘Customer is the king’ approach to production has led to the improved quality of goods and services. Because Domestic companies have to struggle out foreign competition, they are bound to lift their standards and customer satisfaction levels to survive in the market (Stiglitz, 2007). When an international brand comes in a new country, it comes in travelling on some goodwill and concern which it has to survive up to. This establishes competition and ‘survival of the fittest’ situation in the market. Due to globalisation, various companies have entered into the developing countries and therefore generated employment for the citizens. This factor has given an opportunity to invest in the rising market and tap up the talent available there. Globalisation increases job opportunities as new firms start functioning in different countries; hence it increases living standards of people (Suarez Qin, 2004). Usually there is a lack of capital in developing countries which obstructs the growth of domestic companies and so employment. In such cases globalisation plays an important role in obtaining profitable employment opportunities. Globalisation greatly affects the global economy and the impact of foreign trade on economy is very immense. Comparative benefit has always been a factor even in the history. Trade has been institutionalised due to globalisation (Bhagwati, 2007). Globalisation has improved free trade among nations and has improved liquidity of capital permitting investors in established countries to invest in undeveloped countries. It brings foreign exchange to the countries due to the increase in foreign trade. Globalisation is very favourable for the 3rd world countries as it results in economic development. It also improves the global economy by increasing GDP. Trade between nation’s increases as it provides freedom to the global marketing exchange of goods and capitals. Established countries can invest in developing countries and positive competition increases hence, improving businesses. It has been asserted that globalisation increases the productivity and living standard of people. With the manifold positive effects, globalisation also has its negative side. Few of its negative effects are listed below. The most significant negative effect of globalisation is the disappearance of several cultures. The cultures of the countries that are economically powerful are more dominant than others. There is a great risk of spoiling of the cultural values of developing countries due to overseas investments and foreign citizens working from developing countries, changing the attitude, lifestyle and mind-set of the existing developing nations due to foreigners (Stilitz, 2003). Since international community is growing, more population have become unaware of social, moral and ethical values which are diverse in defining group. Hence, globalisation damages small cultures which are in danger of being destroyed. In order to save the cultures, small nations and developing countries should promote their cultural values and standards. Such nations should keep practicing their culture, so that young generation will be aware of all the customs and traditions. For instance, in developing country like ‘India’, many foreign companies and organizations operates and foreign trade is very immense, but the cultural values and tradition of people living there are still the same as Indians promote and practice their culture in every walk of life. Due to globalisation, more and more companies invest on developing nations, which economically is very beneficial for the countries but significantly affects environment by polluting it and escaping easily from weak developing countries regulatory rules and regulations. Many products and manufactured goods produced by various companies are not eco-friendly and thus, increase pollution. It also increase the risk of transporting diseases like Swine flu, Bird flu etc. unintentionally between countries as individuals from all around the world travel more often after globalisation. Many international powerful committees should be made in order to control and alert such companies and corporations who are responsible for polluting the environment and if they do not take action, then such corporations should be banned. This will help in decreasing the production of non eco-friendly products by creating awareness at the educational level and informing individuals with their negative effect. In today’s world, most of the corporations are aware of this negative effect and therefore, manufacture eco-friendly products which are healthy and recyclable. The last major negative effect of globalisation is the complexity of competition. Due to globalisation, international trade between the nations has started to remove limits. This condition of companies has resulted in steady competition with the national competitor, as well as the international competitors. Thus, businesses want more thorough and demanding competitive environment in order to continue stability and progress. Expansion of monopole corporations and channel between manufacture expenses are the chief effects of this tough competition in businesses (Eriksen, 2007). Developing and small nations choose to use overseas resources for their development, but instead, it disposes the equality and stability. Small corporations should focus on research and development. They should lower the manufacturing cost and should improve the quality of the manufacturing product, by using local goods hence, saving the cost of trade. Being a local company, they can understand the market better than the foreign companies. By doing this local companies in developing countries will be able to gain most of the market share and will be able to compete with the foreign companies. In the conclusion, it can be said that globalisation develops better relations among nations and helps in eliminating negative perceptions for the people. Global problems and issues can be solved by discussions. Foreign trade and tourism leads to social benefits which increases migration between the countries and provide chances to live and earn abroad. This results in the decline of cultural barriers and helps in improving the relationships among nations. But with all the positive effects it also has its share of disadvantages and is sometimes unfavourable for the countries that are undeveloped and weak. How to cite Globalization Process, Essays

Covert Intervention and Escalation Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Covert Intervention and Escalation Management. Answer: Introduction: Cold war that happened in 1945 has brought a great security problem between the United States and Soviet Union. The security dilemma is concerned with the weapons that are dependent on the policies of the country. The states have an interest in the defense country but have a great threat from the other countries. It has a great issue that is concerned with the industrial relations. The study of this essay is focused on the security dilemma between the United States and Soviet Union during the cold war. It takes into consideration the identification and also helps to understand the relations which are prevailing between the cold war and the security dilemma[1]. When war is taken into consideration there are many wars that have taken place and are changing the pattern of the universe. The 3 wars are well known and are also considered as the biggest wars that have taken place in the history. The first one is considered as the World War I, which was taken place due to the economics, poli tics and is concerned with the territory reasons which were there by the Allies. The world war was taken place in 1914-1918 by considering the victory that was achieved by the Allies. The second war is the World War II in which the failure of the nations has taken place and there was a tough competition between the developed countries. The results were seen when they are defeated just because of the main reason that was concerned with the military itself and also with the economy.[2] The World War II was taken place in 1939. The third world war is concerned with the cold war. This war is different from the other wars that have taken place. Cold war is concerned with the actor in the war that never battles in a direct way.[3] The main reason behind this is that the cold war has many different philosophies and the values of the United States and Soviet Union which handles the Europe after the main World War II. The cold war has taken place in 1945. At the time of Cold war the security dilemma is always found in the scenario. This essay will be concerned with the security dilemma between the United States and Soviet Union at the time of Cold War. The essay will give brief information about the analyzes of the cold war which was concerned with the international relations. It was one of the most important matters and the boundaries of political science. The cold war is concerned with the countries like United States and Soviet Union. It gives main focus on the war that has taken place at that time. The war is related with the conditions that are massive and which are connected with the violence or the arm race. The war gives a direct impact and is a great threat for the civil. It gives and makes the civil society aware about the conditions that are prevailing in the market. The war has given a major threat to the members, relatives and also given the negative environment which is concerned with the living people. By considering the war it is analyzed that it can be soft power and also the hard power. The soft power takes into consideration the tangible power like politics and the hard war is concerned with the tangible power like military[4]. Everyone knows that the war cannot be ignored and no one has an international power to assure it and it is analyzed that the united nations are considered as a peace keeper, but it still dont gives the assurance. The war which was raised is due to the nature concerned with human that do not support the needs and wants like territory, principles. War has a great connection and the relation with the security, because the war is concerned or related with gambling[5]. The security dilemma is also concerned to enhance the security that are caused by the conflict between the states and which results to minimize the security concerned with the countries[6]. The Cold war was taken into consideration by the well-known British writer George Orwell so that the beliefs and principles of both the United States and Soviet Union can take into consideration at the end of the World War II. The two states that are: United States and Soviet Union were a great alliance that has a connection with France and also it was involved in the World War I and II. If we consider the World War I then it is seen that Germany, Austria and turkey has conducted their work together. When the war started, the united states are impartial with everyone. At the time when Germany comes into the scenario in 1916 then the eagerness was increased. Then it is seen that the United States supported Britain, in which the Soviet Union and France are opposite to the alliance who are concerned with Germany. It is analyzed that in the World War II, the British and the Russians come up together. The Soviet Union and United States in the cold war was considered as an inevitable[7]. The old European power has considered as no more and just two states are standing with one another with a good power. The great power was considered in the Britain, France and china but that are more concerned with the habits an d the benefits. It is analyzed in the international politics that if the two politics take a stand then they are considered as rivals. This is the reason that the Soviet Union and United States is considered as biggest rivals of each other. Cold war has taken place due to the mixture of history and strategies. The united states consider the world as the capitalist and the Soviet Union. It considers that the world should lead to communism. It is seen that the competition between them are broad and the rest of the world have a defense against the communism. It has formed or constructed various countries, especially the country in the Western Europe, the Middle East and the south East Asia. The two states never have a conflict directly but the main conflict that rose between them is indirectly and has led to the various local wars like the Korean War, soviet war and the Vietnam War[8]. Security dilemma is considered as one of the biggest war that has taken place in the world and this has resulted in the curiousness about the security dilemma that has taken place. The competition in the United States and the Soviet Union was so much fierce, no state wants to defeat the country. This is the only reason that they make the security strong and it has also looked to compare with each other. The cold war has defined a brief relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The states were considered as a great alliance that is involved in the World War I and II. There are many countries which have worked together. The European balance of the power has destroyed and the two states were there with the great power[9]. The countries like France and china was considered and played a great role to minimize the conflicts between the countries. It is seen that the politics that are concerned with the countries are the rivals with each other. The Soviet Union held a test of the first atomic bomb and they have achieved success in the market. So, there are various researches that have taken place in the hydrogen bomb. In the military fields it is seen that they can easily make the hydrogen bomb[10]. To match the power of the United States and its allies, it is seen that the Soviet Union has entered into the collaboration with various countries by the following names like WarSAW PACT and Comecon. It is also seen that it demonstrates the effect which establishes the political power. The United States gives the economic help to other countries with the main aim to participate and work together so that the communist can be influenced. This is the assistance which is given to economy of the United States. The Marshall Plan aid assist and has appeared in the Paris conference of 1947. The western European countries have achieved the award in 1951. The economic aid which is given to the three countries is Turkey, Greece and the Japan. The mutual security act is given to the Asian countries with the main motive to help the CIA fight against the communism and the Soviet Union. It is seen that the counterbalance of the United States and the Soviet Union helped to provide the communist to t he states which are in the Eastern Europe with the name of Molotov plan[11]. It is seen that the situation can be established in various countries. It is very essential to know about the background of the situation which is very complicated and broader. It is seen that the cold war has various principles which are between the United States and the Soviet Union to handle the Europe at the end of the World War II. There are various desires that are concerned with both the countries. It helps all the countries to feel confident with various situations[12]. The security dilemma at the time of cold war gives a main emphasis to understand the United States and the Soviet Union which faces many experiences in the various fields. The fields are concerned with the military field which is considered as a very hard power of the country[13]. The second field gives emphasis on the political field which is a type of a soft power for a country. The main focus is given on various systems. To maintain the conflicts there are various steps and the corrective step should be taken into consideration so that the conflicts can be minimized in effective manner. There are various security dilemma in the field of politics in which the United States focuses to hold the military and political understanding with various countries by following names like Nato, Cento, Seato[14]. It is very necessary to maintain the conflicts which are arising. It is seen that the most difficult situation is raised when the security is equated with the status quo. It is very difficult to build the concept which is based on the security dilemma. It is seen that the security cannot be universally focused on the expansion process. It is analyzed that the state can feel insecure but the insecurity is not for the potential adversaries who reassure the actions. As related with the security dilemma there are offensive and defensive motives that are at the work. The best alternative explanation for the cold war is to take into consideration the super powers that expand to attain the non-security goals. The second alternative which is considered is revisionist view in which the recapture is done and the description and transposes the roles of the two super powers. The need of the domestic economic system is considered as a crucial area[15]. There are various cases related with the Soviet Union which are taking the opportunities that are concerned with the third world. If the super powers are controlled then the disturbances can be set in an easy manner. References Adler-Nissen, Rebecca. "Stigma management in international relations: Transgressive identities, norms, and order in international society."International Organization68, no. 1 (2014): 143-176. Belmonte, Laura A.Selling the American Way: US Propaganda and the Cold War. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. Carson, A. (2016). Facing off and saving face: covert intervention and escalation management in the Korean War.International Organization,70(1), 103-131. Dinan, Desmond, ed.Origins and evolution of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2014. Legvold, Robert. "Managing the New Cold War: What Moscow and Washington Can Learn From the Last One."Foreign Affairs93, no. 4 (2014): 74. Liang, Christina Schori, ed.Europe for the Europeans: The foreign and security policy of the populist radical right. Routledge, 2016. Mandelbaum, Michael.Mission failure: America and the world in the post-Cold War era. Oxford University Press, 2016. Matlock Jr, Jack F. "The US has treated Russia like a loser since the end of the Cold War."Washington Post14 (2014). Monaghan, A. (2015).A'new Cold War'?: Abusing History, Misunderstanding Russia. London: Chatham House. Monaghan, Andrew.A'new Cold War'?: Abusing History, Misunderstanding Russia. London: Chatham House, 2015. Nye Jr, Joseph S.Bound to lead: The changing nature of American power. Basic Books, 2016. Trenin, Dmitri. "Russias break out from the post-Cold War system."Carnegie Moscow Centre(2014). Walker, Edward W. "Between east and west: NATO enlargement and the geopolitics of the Ukraine crisis."Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives141 (2015). Westad, O.A., 2013.Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory. Routledge.3, no. 4 (2014): 74

Hadith Literature Essay Example

Hadith Literature Essay Introduction Hadithliterature is a aggregation of Islamic Traditions which are considered by Muslims to be descriptions of the words and workss of the Prophet Muhummad, so hence a fancied Tradition is a composing which does non reflect the true words and workss of Muhummad but is falsely ascribed to the Prophet however. Islamic and Western beginnings both hold that an tremendous sum of counterfeit was committed during the creative activity of Hadith literature, with Ibn Hanbal doing the claim that fictions occur in the Hadith to such a great extent that these Hagiographas have been more affected by counterfeit than any other subdivision of literature. The sheer bulk of the fancied Traditions are believed to hold been introduced toHadithliterature by the storytellers themselves, through hammering the statements and invented ironss of transmittal from Muhummad to themselves from their ain imaginativeness to add legitimacy to theirHadith. The presence of false histories of the workss and words of Mu hummad is non allowable to Muslims, [ 1 ] so hence traditional and modern Muslim bookmans have made assorted efforts to place the fanciedHadithliterature and take them from the cannon. We will write a custom essay sample on Hadith Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hadith Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hadith Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Purposes of the Undertaking The primary purpose of this research undertaking is to analyze the extent to which the phenomenon of fiction occurs inHadithliterature and the ways in which Muslim bookmans have responded to this phenomenon. This undertaking besides aims to analyze the differences in sentiments between Muslim bookmans and Western bookmans that have arisen during treatments of counterfeit in Hadith literature. Through dividing my focal point into these two wide classs of analysis I am taking to analyze the possible influence of personal spiritual beliefs on the ways in which spiritual texts are analysed. This will be achieved by analyzing the differences between how Muslim bookmans have chosen to analyze this issue and how this compares and contrasts to the ways in which Western bookmans analyse the really same texts. Significance of the Undertaking The significance of this research undertaking is highlighted by the really being of voluminous sums of literature which explores the subject ofHadithcounterfeit, which serves as an index of the importance that this issue holds to both Muslim and Western bookmans. [ 2 ] This research is alone because it attempts to give a holistic history of fiction in theHadithliterature by every bit analyzing the different attacks that are taken by Muslim and Western bookmans and pulling decisions based upon a balanced attack which considers both point of views. Personal Motivation My personal motive for chosing this subject is a desire to derive a deeper and more sophisticated cognition and apprehension of the Koran. I am motivated to put my focal point onHadithliterature due to the fact that these traditions are cardinal to understanding how Muhummad related to his followings and behaved in mundane life and are hence an built-in componant of understanding Islam and the Koran in general. I am motivated to analyze this subject from both Western and Muslim positions because I am seeking to derive a holistic apprehension of the subject that can merely be gained through equal attending to literature developed by bookmans from both universes. Methodology The methodological analysis that I will use to analyze the extent to which counterfeits occur in Hadith literature and the ways in which Muslim bookmans have responded to this phenomenon will imply separate scrutinies of these issues from a Western position and from a Muslim position. I will carry on a reappraisal of literature written by non-Muslims who have an academic background within the Western educational context and besides coincident reappraisal of Muslim scholar’s Hagiographas on the same subjects. This research proposal will get down its treatment of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature by researching some of the point of views contained within the Hagiographas on this subject that have been presented by Western writers. The sentiment of these bookmans on this sacredly pertinent subject is important because unlike bookmans composing from a Muslim position, these writers presumptively view theHadithliterature without the prejudice that can perchance originate fro m a desire to warrant bing dogmatic spiritual beliefs. This statement does non presume that Western writers have approached this subject in an indifferent and scientific mode, but it is of import in any balanced research undertaking to see decisions reached by bookmans who approach the subject from different positions and who have different purposes and ends when carry oning their research. After an geographic expedition of some typical Western scholarly sentiments on the subject of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature, this research proposal will research the literature which expresses the point of views espoused by bookmans who write on this subject from a Muslim position. Due to the fact that these bookmans are composing on this subject from within the Islamic spiritual tradition, these bookmans presumptively view theHadithliterature as texts that are imbued with personal spiritual significance and hence have a position on this affair that widely differs from what that expressed by Western bookmans. While Muslim bookmans have engaged in a drawn-out argument about the extent to which fabricated Hagiographas permeateHadithliterature, as a generalization it can be said that Muslim bookmans hold that there is more historical truth in the word pictures of the words and behaviors of Muhummad so Western critics are willing to profess. This phenomenon can be partially at tributed to the fact that these Hagiographas have immense religious and spiritual significance to Muslim bookmans, summed up by M. M. Azami when he stated that theHadithof the Prophet is the 2nd chief beginning of Islamic jurisprudence, valid forever, and the life of the Prophet is a theoretical account which ought to be followed by Muslims irrespective of clip and topographic point. For this ground, the Companions, even in the life of the Prophet, began to spread the cognition of theSunnahand they were ordered by the Prophet to make so [ 3 ] . From this statement entirely we can see that through the lens of spiritual significance, as opposed to the scientific and historic lens of Western writers, texts gain an importance in a sacredly important mode and hence needfully keep truth to the reader as a affair of religion. This research proposal will so research some of the relevant literature on the assorted ways that Muslim bookmans are thought to see the extent to which fictions occu r in Hadith literature. This research proposal will so travel its focal point from a treatment of the extent to which fictions occur inHadithliterature to a treatment of the ways in which Muslim bookmans attempted to extinguish fictions from this literature. Once once more, Western bookmans who have written on this issue have differing sentiments to the bookmans from a Muslim background. Due to this obvious fact this research undertaking will discourse the ways in which Muslim bookmans responded to this phenomenon through their assorted methods which were designed to extinguish fictions fromHadithliterature. Following this geographic expedition of the efforts that have been made to extinguish fictions I will discourse the assorted unfavorable judgments that have been directed by Western bookmans towards these methods and the diehards who implemented them. Despite the fact that considerable attempt has been invested by Muslim bookmans in finding whichHadithTraditions are counterfeits and which are accurate, the methods employed by Muslim bookmans have been widely criticised by Western writers on the subject. Looking at the subject from the point of view of a Muslim bookman who believes that Islam was established by an infallible prophesier, it is wholly plausible that Muhummad would hold foreseen the hereafter development of Islam and the centrality of the Hadith to the Islamic people and hence have taken stairss to guarantee the truth of theHadithliterature. To a Western bookman nevertheless, this is a much less scientifically plausible state of affairs than Muhummad moving in a mode that was non witting of the signifier that Islam would finally take. Unlike Muslim bookmans, Western writers have no spiritual jussive mood to happen truth in theHadithliterature and hence have a basically different attack to the spiritual tradition as a whole. With this critical point in head, this research undertaking will eventually analyze some unfavorable judgments aimed towards the methods through which Muslim bookmans attempted to place counterfeits withinHadithliterature. Literature Review There has been a important sum of attending given to the subject of the extent of fiction inHadithliterature by bookmans in the Western universe, but it is widely acknowledged that the first bookman who explored this subject from a Western position was Gustav Weil in 1848 [ 4 ] . In the sentiment of Weil, the extent of the presence of fiction inHadithliterature is so terrible that really small acceptance should be lent to the genuineness of theHadithliterature, as the sheer bulk can non be flatly proven to be true histories of the life and workss of Muhummad [ 5 ] . Western bookmans since Weil have by and large supported his decisions sing the extent that fiction occurs inHadithliterature. For illustration, the German bookman Ignaz Goldziher was another Western advocate of this point of view. The chapter researching the fiction ofHadithliterature in his book Muslim Studies’ reached the decision that no portion of theHadithcan be flatly proven to be the reliable vocalizations o f Muhummad or even a dependable description of the manner in which he behaved [ 6 ] . In the position of Goldziher, theHadithis simply a aggregation of fictions which arose from the societal and historical development of Islam that occurred in the first two centuries after Muhummad, and hence theHadithcan non be considered to incorporate any accurate word pictures of the life of Muhummad whatsoever. If the point of views of these Western writers are taken to be accurate, one can reason that theHadithliterature is so prevailing with fictions and inaccuracies that it is impossible to find if the literature contains any historical truth at all. While there is no argument among Muslim authors that fictions are present inHadithliterature, there is nevertheless dissensions that revolve around the extent to which they occur and when these fictions originated. For illustration, in his book entitled The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature’ , Juynboll stated that All Muslim theologists agree on the fact that counterfeit of traditions has occurred on a bit by bit increasing graduated table from the center of the first century of the Higra onwards, until such writers as Bukhari, Muslim and others had compiled their about unflawed aggregations ; by making so they gave the tradition literature its decidedly sound signifier. [ 7 ] However, another Muslim bookman, A §-eidd?q Bash?r Na §r claimed that Juynboll’s sentiment is prevailing with bias, reasoning that Juynboll concluded this position from the statements of theologists and that the original Traditionists did non keep this position. Na §r argues that the most likely day of the month of the outgrowth of fictions in the Hadith literature is the center of the first century [ 8 ] . InNa §r’sposition there is dependable historical grounds that can be used to presume that the fiction began during the Caliphate of gt ; Uthm?n or even gt ; Al? who died in 40 A.H.. [ 9 ] Other Muslim bookmans argue that fictions began to emerge while Muhummad was still alive. For illustration, to back up this position that fiction began during the life-time of the Prophet. Aumad Am?n often quoted Tradition which reads, Who intentionally lies about me, he will seek himself a topographic point in Hell. [ 10 ] Am?n understood this Tradition to connote that the counterfeit took topographic point at the clip of the Prophet and this tradition was uttered in response to an incident in which some words were attributed to the Prophet but he was non responsible for them. [ 11 ] Other Muslim bookmans choose to reason against the Western statements that no truth can be attributed toHadithliterature by indicating that that the truth position ofHadithliterature is merely expressed in likely footings. Wael Hallaq is a advocate of this line of logical thinking, reasoning that the early and mediaeval Muslim bookmans acknowledged that theHadith’struthfulness can non of all time be known apodictically [ 12 ] . Hallaq pointed out that theHadithare separated into theMutawatirwhich figure less than a twelve and are provably true, and theAhadwhich are merely thought to be likely true [ 13 ] . Since the majority of theHadithHagiographas autumn into the latter class they can non be capable to the Western historical unfavorable judgments that authors such as Weir and Goldziher subject them to. While the above Muslim writers chose to put their focal point upon when fictions began to happen in theHadithliterature, other bookmans such as the Pakistani bookman Fazlur Ra hman deny the strong presence of fictions withinHadithliterature. In his book Islamic Methodology in History’,Fazlur argues that in line with the Arabic tradition of passing down verse forms, expressions, and statements of their Judgess and tribal leaders, there is no uncertainty that the workss and stating of person they considered to be the Prophet of God would be narrated every bit accurately as possible [ 14 ] . Rahman argues that the rejection of this natural phenomenon is equivalent to a grave unreason, a wickedness against history [ 15 ] . Despite the fact that Rahman argues that theHadithcompetently covers Muhummad’s behavior, he does profess that it besides contains extra stuff such as asides, analogies, and new thoughts, but that these add-ons are non needfully pure fictions based upon falsenesss. So while Muslim bookmans do reason about the extent to which fictions have occurred inHadithliterature and when they began to happen, it is clear that they are much less critical of the pervasion of fictions withinHadithliterature than Western bookmans. TheHadithliterature was originally transmitted from one individual to another through unwritten agencies. When they were recorded in the written word they were by and large accompanied by a series of links between the people who originally transmitted the narratives or cognition contained within theHadith. This concatenation of transmittal, referred to as theisnad, was closely studied by the medieval and traditional Muslim bookmans who sought to find whichHadithswere falsified and which were a true word picture of the life and behavior of Muhummad. For aHadithto be considered echt it had to hold an unbrokenisnadconcatenation with no spreads in the transmittal and the personal unity of the people quoted in theseisnadswas of tantamount importance in finding if theHadithwas to be considered dependable. [ 16 ] This close appraisal of theisnadscame to be known as the Science of the Hadith’ which was unusually sophisticated and at one phase was divided up into 200 sub-fields of ques tion [ 17 ] . In add-on to the close appraisal of the attach toingisnadof each piece ofHadithliterature, Muslim scholars besides note that thematn, or the content, of eachHadithis besides of import. On the footing of the methods of unfavorable judgment developed by Muslim critics, there were legion rules for the unfavorable judgment ofmatnthat were utilised in finding the possible fiction of each personHadith. For illustration, the Traditions incorporating disproportionately high wagess for undistinguished good workss or disproportionately terrible penalties for ordinary wickednesss must be rejected ; the Traditions incorporating the excellence and congratulationss of individuals, folks and peculiar topographic points should be rejected ; the Traditions which contain elaborate prognostications of the future events with day of the months must be rejected ; and the Traditions containing such comments of the Prophet as may non be in maintaining with his prophetical place, or such looks as may non be suited to him, should be rejected. [ 18 ] This method was besides applied in order to do cross comparings between theHadiths. For illustration, theHadithsof different pupils of the same bookman were compared in order to turn up inaccuracies and falsenesss. In add-on to this method, the statements of a individual bookman at different times were compared. This method of unfavorable judgment was applied to look into whether the sender added something to the Hadith or it remained the same as he transmitted it before. Finally, harmonizing to theMuuaddith?n, the information gained from books is more reliable and accurate than what is based on one’s memory. The German bookman Ignaz Goldziher was among the first of Western writers to knock the methods of the traditional Muslim bookmans in placing forgedHadithliterature. Goldziher criticised these bookmans for puting their primary focal point when look intoing counterfeits on the accompanyingisnad( concatenation of transmittal ) and paying less attending to thematn( content ) of theHadithtradition. When theisnadis the primary standards for placing counterfeits, argues Goldziher, of import incompatibilities in the content ofHadithliterature are frequently unmarked [ 19 ] . One of the important hints for Western bookmans that aHadithTradition is deceitful is through placing mentions attributed to Muhummad refering events which could merely hold taken topographic point after the decease of Muhummad. Western bookmans make the premise that this occurs due to the fact that possibly people wanted to do their ain doctrinal place more legitimate by imputing it straight to Muhummad. For illustratio n, when Western bookmans see aHadiththat says When a Prophet was still among us, we compared no work forces with Abu Bakr and, after him, with Umar, and so Uthman. We made no differentiation between the staying Companions, ( Abu Dawud ) they point out that this is a direct mention to the split between the Shiites and Sunni Muslims which occurred long after the decease of Mohummad. Therefore, in the eyes of Western bookmans, thematnof thisHadithis historically inaccurate and it must be considered a counterfeit [ 20 ] . From this illustration it becomes clear that from a Western point of view aHadithmust be capable to strict scientific and historical standards, but from a Muslim point of view it must run into wholly different standards which are chiefly based upon the personal unity and honestness of the people mentioned in the concatenation of transmittal. This is merely one illustration of the divide that separates the two ways of analyzing spiritual texts for truth. From the literature reviews explored in this research undertaking it has become clear that there is undeniable grounds in support of the impression that a great manyHadithTradition came into being from mere fictions of the life, words, and workss of the Prophet Muhummad. However, these Traditions were sifted out and set under probe through textual unfavorable judgment by Traditional Muslim bookmans who devised vigorous standards for sorting the Traditions harmonizing to the nature of thematnand theisnadof each peculiar piece of literature. Despite these great attempts to place fictions, Western writers have been really critical about the historical and scientific truth of these methods. From a Western position the honestness and personal unity of the people quoted in theisnadof each peculiarHadithis non sufficient grounds to propose historical truth in theHadith, which has been the primary tool of probe employed by Muslim bookmans to place counterfeits. To Western bookmans the survey of thematnis of greater importance, and even if thematncontains no incompatibilities, absurdnesss, or inaccuracies, Western bookmans remain firm in their point of view that these standards entirely can non be sufficient for labeling literature as historically accurate. One ground to account for this can possibly be found in the fact that these bookmans have no spiritual jussive mood to happen truth in these Hagiographas, and whether they be proven to be fact or fiction has no consequence on their personal or spiritual lives. Regardless of the grounds which underlie this disagreement in sentiment between Western and Muslim bookmans, the divide in sentiments is prevailing with important ideological differences in the attack to the spiritual tradition of Islam as a whole and is non likely to be reconciled with the debut of any longer rigorous analytical standards ofHadithtexts. Mentions As-Siba`i, Mustafa.1961,As-Sunnah Washington Makanatuha fi at-Tashri` al-Islami. Cairo: Dar al-`Urubah. Azimi, M. M. , 1977,Surveies in Hadith Methodology and Literature, Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. Fazlur, R. 1965,Islamic Methodology in History, Pakistan: Central Institute of Islamic Research. Garden, K. 2005,The Koran and Hadith, Middle East Institute, Viewed April 22neodymium2006, lt ; www.mideasti.org/articles/doc395.pdf gt ; Goldziher, I. 1967,Muslim Surveies, London: George Allen A ; Unwin LTD. Hallaq, W. B. 1999, The Authenticity of Prophetic Hadith: A Psuedo-Problem, ’ inStudia Islamic, Vol. 89, pgs. Juynboll, G. H. A. , 1969,The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature, Leiden: E. J. Brill. Nasr, A. , 1992,Dabit Ar-Riwayah `inda Al-Muhaddithin.Rottenstone: Dar ash-Shuruq. Shabbir, M. 1982,The Authority and Authenticity of Hadith as a Beginning of Islamic Law,New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. Zubayr Siddiqi M. , 1961,Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development and Special Features, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.

Us Policy Towards Asia essays

Us Policy Towards Asia essays In this new century the United States has placed a new emphasis on Forign Relations with Asia. Foreign Since 1945 the United States has had a special relationship with Japan. The United States has had a very detailed history in helping to create the Japan that we see today and therefore is a close ally of this country. The most influential period of Japanese modern politics would be the occupation by the United States after WWII. Due to the surrender of the Japnese government the United States was able to rearrange and shape the politics of Japan as they saw fit. Also unlike the situation in Germany the United States was the only country that really fought the war in the Pacific they alone occupied the island of Japan. General McCarthy was the leader of the occupation by the United States and had two main goal which were to Democritze and Demiliterize the Japanese Government. McCharthy sought to Democritize the Japanese Governement by first creating a Constiution for the Japanese. This Constitiution created a parlimentary system that was elected by the people called the Diet. Reali zing that Japan was a culture that held on to its traditions the US did not require that Japan dismiss the idea of a Emporer but allowed him to stay as a figurehead and placing the power in the Diet in essence creating a Constitional Democracy as we see in modern England. McCarther also belived that the best was to change the Japanese system was to affect the children which would later rule the country. He did this by changin g the style of education that was offered in Japan. He required that a curriculum that promoted ideas of the West. This provided an oppertunity for the children to have an oppertunity to change the future government without having all the hangups of the extreme traditions of the past. McCarther also sought to demiliterize the Japanese so that they would never be able to be the threat to the P ...

Personal Development for Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Development for Work - Essay Example Moreover, I have also been able to show some purchasers a three-bedroom flat which was selling for  £295,000 in a block behind the real estate agency. Through this experience, I have also realized the importance of persuasion and influencing in being a convincing salesman. No amount of technical skills can match good interpersonal skills and effective rapport building. There has been another opportunity for me to interact with potential buyers, and this was when I oriented them with Great Portland Street in Fitzrovia to show them a top-floor flat which enjoys outstanding views. During the course of the practicum, I was also given the chance to suggest ideas on developing a site for the agency. Overall, there was not much difficulty with this learning experience. This was facilitated by the fact that everyone was friendly and the atmosphere was conducive to practical learning. I have also seen from their example how valuable teamwork was as well as relationship marketing. It is very important that my each member of my team knows what I expect from him or her in terms of goals. Goals or objectives are statements of intent to achieve specific business results. They are measurable, controllable and are directly related to such results. In setting goals or objectives, they should be specific and significant, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, time-bound, engaging, and reviewed (Miser, 2006, online). Apart from this, my team should be given constant feedback to know how well they are doing their tasks. Feedback giving also increases the effectiveness of goal setting, feedback should be provided to the employee on his progress in reaching his goal (Hartog et al, 1999). Feedback can include verbally telling an employee how he is doing, placing a chart on a wall, or displaying a certain color of light when the employee’s work pace will result in goal attainment and a